Journal: Discover Nano

Article Title: Chitosan nanoparticle encapsulated pentoxifylline improves renal protection and reduces oxidative stress in amikacin induced nephrotoxicity

doi: 10.1186/s11671-026-04515-8

Figure Lengend Snippet: Oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in kidney tissue homogenates of different experimental groups showing levels of MDA ( A ), SOD ( B ), GSH ( C ), IL-17 ( D ), TNF-α ( E ), IL-6 ( F ) and CRP ( G ). Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Significant differences between groups are indicated by horizontal brackets, with asterisks denoting significance levels ( p < 0.05). ns = not significant

Article Snippet: 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) Amikacin (AMK) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) BioTek Synergy H1 Microplate Reader (BioTek, USA) Bruker D8 Advance X-ray Diffractometer (Bruker, USA) Bruker Tensor II FTIR Spectrometer (Bruker, Germany) Chitosan (medium molecular weight, ≥75% deacetylated) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) Creatinine Assay Kit (ab65340) (Abcam, USA) Glutathione (GSH) Assay Kit (MBS267424) (MyBioSource, USA) Hitachi SU3500 SEM (Hitachi, Japan) IL-17 ELISA Kit (E-EL-M0047) (Elabscience, USA) JEOL JEM-1400Flash TEM (JEOL, Japan) Malondialdehyde (MDA) Assay Kit (MBS741034) (MyBioSource, USA) Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS90 (Malvern Panalytical, UK) Pentoxifylline (PTX) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) Shimadzu UV-1800 Spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan) Sodium Tripolyphosphate (TPP) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Assay Kit (MBS2707323) (MyBioSource, USA) Sysmex CA-560 Coagulation Analyzer (Sysmex, Japan) Urea Assay Kit (ab83362) (Abcam, USA) Uric Acid Assay Kit (ab65344) (Abcam, USA)

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Mincle-dependent Th17 adjuvanticity requires TNFR1 signaling in myeloid cells

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1746618

Figure Lengend Snippet: Etanercept selectively prevents the induction of H1-specific Th17 cells. IL-17A fate reporter mice, in which cells that have transcribed Il17a at any time will continuously express Yellow Fluorescent Protein (YFP), left unimmunized (Tris) or were immunized s.c. at the base of the tail with the antigen H1 together with the adjuvant CAF01. The mice were killed 7 days after the immunization. In one group, TNF was blocked by injecting Etanercept (Eta) every second day, whilst the control group received PBS injections (A) . H1-specific Th17 cells and Th1 cells in the spleen were measured via flow cytometry staining for intracellular IL-17 or IFNγ production, respectively, after H1 restimulation (B) . The induction of Th17 cells measured by YFP expression (C) . YFP+ cells were tested for the ability to produce specific IL-17 (D) . Depicted is one representative experiment out of two (n = 3–8 mice per group), one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test.

Article Snippet: For this purpose, the following ELISA kits were used according to the manufacturer’s instructions: IFNγ (R&D Systems, DY485), IL-17 (R&D Systems, DY421), IL-10 (R&D Systems, DY417), and IL-6 (R&D Systems, DY406).

Techniques: Adjuvant, Control, Flow Cytometry, Staining, Expressing, Comparison

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Mincle-dependent Th17 adjuvanticity requires TNFR1 signaling in myeloid cells

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1746618

Figure Lengend Snippet: Deletion of TNFR1 on myeloid cells prevents induction of specific Th17 cells after H1/CAF01 immunization. LysM-Cre hom ; TNFR1 fl/fl and LysM-Cre hom ; TNFR1 wt/wt mice were immunized s.c. in the footpad with H1 combined with the adjuvant CAF01 (H1/CAF01) or injected with PBS (A) . The mice were killed 7 days after immunization. Cell surface TNFR1 on spleen cells was measured by flow cytometry as difference in the median fluorescent intensity (ΔMFI), comparing the signals obtained using anti-TNFR1 and isotype control antibodies. Data from immunized (filled symbols) and unimmunized mice (open symbols) of each genotype were combined (B) . For some cell types, a bimodal expression of the TNFR1 was observed. For these cell types, the percentage of highly TNFR1-positive cells was additionally compared. Data from immunized (filled symbols) and unimmunized mice (open symbols) of each genotype were combined (C) . Footpad swelling was measured during the experiment (D) . Cells from the injection site-draining LN were isolated, and secreted cytokines were measured by ELISA four days after restimulation with H1 (E) . The amount of IL-17 or IFNγ-producing Th cells in the draining LN was measured after H1 peptide restimulation using flow cytometry (F) . Pooled from three independent experiments (n = 7–15 mice per group in total), Mann-Whitney U tests with Holm-Sidak multiple comparison correction (B, C) , three-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test, displayed is the Mean with SD (D) , or two-way ANOVA followed by Sidak’s multiple comparison test (E, F) . Only the significance levels between the immunized groups at one time point (D) or between immunized groups (E) were displayed.

Article Snippet: For this purpose, the following ELISA kits were used according to the manufacturer’s instructions: IFNγ (R&D Systems, DY485), IL-17 (R&D Systems, DY421), IL-10 (R&D Systems, DY417), and IL-6 (R&D Systems, DY406).

Techniques: Adjuvant, Injection, Flow Cytometry, Control, Expressing, Isolation, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, MANN-WHITNEY, Comparison

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Mincle-dependent Th17 adjuvanticity requires TNFR1 signaling in myeloid cells

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1746618

Figure Lengend Snippet: TNFR1 on DC plays a limited role in the Th17 response after H1/CAF01 immunization. Clec9a-Cre het ; TNFR1 fl/fl and CD11c-Cre + ; TNFR1 fl/fl mice as two different DC deletion models, and TNFR1 fl/fl mice as controls, were used. Mice were immunized s.c. in the footpad with H1/CAF01 and killed 7 days later. Expression of TNFR1 was measured by flow cytometry on spleen cells to detect deletion efficiency mediated by Clec9a-Cre (A) and CD11c-Cre (B) mediated deletion of the TNFR1. Data from immunized (filled symbols) and unimmunized mice (open symbols) of each genotype were combined. Footpad swelling was measured (C, D) . Cells from the draining LN were isolated, and secreted cytokines were measured by ELISA 4 days after restimulation with H1 protein for the Clec9a-Cre (E) and CD11c-Cre (G) deletion models. The amount of IL-17 or IFNγ-producing Th cells from LN was measured after H1 peptide restimulation using flow cytometry for Clec9a-Cre (F) and CD11c-Cre (H) mediated deletion. For the data shown in F and H, the restimulation of unimmunized cells was impossible due to a lack of cells. From spleen cells, similar results were obtained, and here we were able to include this condition ( and D). Pooled from three independent experiments (n = 6–14 mice per group in total). Mann-Whitney U tests with Holm-Sidak multiple comparison correction (A, B) , three-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test, with the mean and SD displayed (C, D) or two-way ANOVA, followed by Sidak’s multiple comparison test (E, G) or Mann Whitney U test (F, H) . Only the significance levels between the immunized groups at one time point (C, D) or within immunization groups (E, G) are displayed.

Article Snippet: For this purpose, the following ELISA kits were used according to the manufacturer’s instructions: IFNγ (R&D Systems, DY485), IL-17 (R&D Systems, DY421), IL-10 (R&D Systems, DY417), and IL-6 (R&D Systems, DY406).

Techniques: Expressing, Flow Cytometry, Isolation, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, MANN-WHITNEY, Comparison

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Mincle-dependent Th17 adjuvanticity requires TNFR1 signaling in myeloid cells

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1746618

Figure Lengend Snippet: Deletion of TNFR1 in T cells does not impair Th17 cell induction. Lck-Cre + ; TNFR1 fl/fl and TNFR1 fl/fl control mice were immunized s.c. in the footpad with H1/CAF01 and killed 7 days after immunization. The expression of the TNFR1 on spleen cells was measured by flow cytometry. Data from immunized (filled symbols) and unimmunized mice (open symbols) of each genotype were combined (A) . The frequency of Th cells, defined as CD3 + CD4 + cells, was measured in the LN by flow cytometry (B) ; the restimulation of unimmunized cells was impossible due to a lack of cells. From spleen cells, similar results were obtained, and here we were able to include this condition . The footpad swelling was measured during the experiment (C) . Draining LN cells were isolated, and secreted cytokines were measured via ELISA 4 days after restimulation with H1 protein (D) . The amount of IL-17 or IFNγ-producing Th cells in the LN after H1 peptide restimulation was measured using flow cytometry, the restimulation of unimmunized cells was impossible due to a lack of cells (E) . Similar results were obtained with spleen cells . Pooled from three independent experiments (n = 8–16 mice per group in total), Mann-Whitney U tests with Holm-Sidak multiple comparison correction (A) or Mann Whitney U test (B, E) or three-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test (C) or two-way ANOVA followed by Sidak’s multiple comparison test (D) . For C, the mean is displayed together with the SD. Only the significance levels between the immunized groups at one time point (C) or between immunized groups (D) were displayed.

Article Snippet: For this purpose, the following ELISA kits were used according to the manufacturer’s instructions: IFNγ (R&D Systems, DY485), IL-17 (R&D Systems, DY421), IL-10 (R&D Systems, DY417), and IL-6 (R&D Systems, DY406).

Techniques: Control, Expressing, Flow Cytometry, Isolation, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, MANN-WHITNEY, Comparison

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Mincle-dependent Th17 adjuvanticity requires TNFR1 signaling in myeloid cells

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1746618

Figure Lengend Snippet: Constitutive Mincle expression antagonizes inhibition of Th17 induction by Etanercept. Mincle expression on WT and Mincle -/- ; Mincle tg BMDM was measured by flow cytometry (A) . The ΔMFI was calculated by subtracting the signal obtained after staining with the Mincle Ab from the signal obtained with the Isotype control. WT and Mincle -/- ; Mincle tg mice were immunized with H1/CAF01 in the presence or absence of the TNF blocker Etanercept (Eta), and mice were killed after 7 days (B) . The footpad swelling was measured during the experiment (C) . Cells from the injection site draining LN were isolated, and secreted cytokines were measured by ELISA 4 days after restimulation with H1 (D) . The amount of IL-17 or IFNγ-producing Th cells in the draining LN was measured after H1 peptide restimulation using flow cytometry (E) . Pooled from three independent Experiments (n = 13–16 mice per group in total), two-way ANOVA followed by Sidak’s multiple comparison test performed on log-transformed data (A, D, E) , or three-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test (C) . For C, the mean and SD are displayed. Only the significance levels between the immunized groups at one time point compared with the WT without Eta were displayed (C) .

Article Snippet: For this purpose, the following ELISA kits were used according to the manufacturer’s instructions: IFNγ (R&D Systems, DY485), IL-17 (R&D Systems, DY421), IL-10 (R&D Systems, DY417), and IL-6 (R&D Systems, DY406).

Techniques: Expressing, Inhibition, Flow Cytometry, Staining, Control, Injection, Isolation, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Comparison, Transformation Assay